CMOS NOR Gate on Dynamic State Essay Example for Free

CMOS NOR Gate on Dynamic State Essay Transistor can be used for the purpose of switching depending upon the gate signal. NMOS switch closes when switch control input is high, while PMOS switch closes when switch control input is low. This fundamental property of MOS is used in the form of combinational circuits for fabricating a range of integrated circuits. Basic CMOS combinational circuits comprises of Complementary pull-up (p-type) and pull-down (n-type) circuits. CMOS can be used to fabricate different types of logic gates. The NOR operation is basically the negation of the OR operator. If both the inputs to the gate are LOW (0), the output displays a HIGH (1). If either of the inputs is HIGH (1), it yield a LOW at the output. The CMOS technology has been quite effectively used to implement various applications and logic functions. NOR gate is one such implementation, which can be done quite effectively using CMOS. In a static CMOS circuit, each gate output is always connected to Vdd or Vss through a low resistance path, as the circuit has a low resistance path between the output and the power rails. This results in somewhat more power consumption for the static circuit. On the other hand in the dynamic state, the circuits make use of temporary storage of signal values on the capacitance of high impedance circuit nodes. This way the dynamic circuits have no static power dissipation. The transistor ME (Fig-2) eliminates static power consumption. The clock input (CLK) determines two phase operation of the circuit namely pre-charge and evaluation. After discharge during one cycle, the dynamic gate will wait for the next pre-charge pulse. As the pull down network remains OFF till it is required. The switching speeds to happen to be faster in dynamic gates, as the load capacitance is reduced due to fewer numbers of transistors. For a static gate the fan-in of N requires 2N switching devices, but for a dynamic NOR gate we need to have only N+2 devices. The drawback in using capacitor CL is that the clock signal becomes a prerequisite to refresh the logic level. Clock signal ? (t) charges the up the load capacitance with the help of MP (P-Pre-charge) when a transition takes place from high to low; ME (E-Evaluate) is cut off and block any discharge path of CL through logic function transistors. As the clock signal goes HIGH, MP is cut off, ME starts conducting, which in turn results in discharge of CL if one of the logic transistors has a high input. Though the dynamic CMOS gates have quite a few advantages like high noise margins, no static power consumption etc. while being used in logic circuits, but there are couple of disadvantages as well. For example, synchronising and timing the clock is quite an arduous task, designing the circuit is more complex. One of the key disadvantages of dynamic logic is that, it becomes very difficult to cascade multiple circuits, because; †¢ Input will go for a change only when O is low and it has to be stable during the period of high O. †¢ When O is low, the two or multiple stages in cascade are pre-charged to a high voltage. But, when O is high, it leads to some delay at the output of first stage, which in turn will lead to discharge of second and subsequent stage. In order to come over this advantage we make use of CMOS Domino logic. To this end an inverter is added for ensuring that the output remain low during pre-charge, thus prevent the next stage from evaluating, till such time the existing stage has finished evaluation. This ensures that each stage at the output of the inverter can make at most one transition from LOW to HIGH. When there are multiple stages in cascade, evaluation continues from one stage to another – which is equivalent to the dominos effect falling one after another. It is also worth emphasizing here that each gate requires an inverter, which in turn necessitates that we make use of more transistors. When it becomes somewhat impractical to implement dynamic CMOS gate, we can also convert a dynamic gate into a static gate, just by adding feedback pull-up.

Civil Disobedience Essay -- History Luther Kind Thoreau Gandhi

All throughout world history, human beings have participated in acts of civil disobedience. However, in the last two centuries the belief and practice of it has been in full swing and has even brought on major historical events, especially concerning equal rights and just laws. Three major firm believers and activists in civil disobedience were Henry David Thoreau, Martin Luther King Jr., and Gandhi. All three of these men participated in acts of civil disobedience but each in his own way and for different reasons. Henry David Thoreau believed that a certain war tax was unjust during the Mexican War and he refused to pay it. This then lead to his arrest and one day in jail where he wrote the essay "Civil Disobedience." Martin Luther King Jr. on the other hand participated in an act of civil disobedience for a much larger and important reason. He was fighting against segregation in America and for equal rights for all American citizens, including black that had been oppressed i n America for over 300 years. Loved and followed by thousands, King sought equal rights for both himself and for others through non-violent marches and demonstrations, which in turn led to equal rights for all American citizens including blacks. Gandhi's participation in civil disobedience was by far the most effective and led to one of the most eventful periods in time; the independence of India from British rule. However, even though these men all believed in civil disobedience and equal rights for all, they all achieved their goals through different means and methods, as seen in the three quotes involving different forms of civil disobedience. The three quotes will then be discussed and compared to the works of King, Gandhi, and Thoreau. ... ...r them. This situation was also explained when King said, " We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed." Therefore, all three quotes represent acts of civil disobedience and relate in some way, shape, or form to the philosophies of Henry David Thoreau, Martin Luther King Jr., and Gandhi. The philosophies of these three men show that there is no one way to participate in an act of civil disobedience and that there are certain rules and regulations that a disobeyer must follow in order to achieve their goal. And in addition, that goal could range from anywhere from the elimination of an unfair tax, independence from the rule of another country, or equal rights and opportunities for all.

Mars Attacks! Review Essay

Review of Mars Attacks! Mars Attacks! is Tim Burton’s clever thought at a martian invasion on the United States of America. After their landing, they easily took advantage of the governments trust, understanding, and compassion. Human beings, especially Americans, show just how ignorant and unpredictable they can be. However, their stupidity paves the way to their survival with a little bit of a population remaining. Source Materials: The constant struggle between war and politics makes this movie a classic bumbling mess of emgo fighting over what they consider to be right. The 1950’s science fiction focuses on how these peoples egos were created in a time of growing personalities. Genre: Parody Science Fiction portrays humility at the expense of American’s under the superior mind of the martians. Ultimately giving the upper hand to the human race for a reason that could not even be fathomed by mankind. Star Personas: The film is shown through the eyes of powerful figures from Nevada to Washington D. C. Everyone has an opinion and the best idea with how to deal with the martian invasion. A poor kid from that gets no attention within his society turns out to be the hero of the film. Technology/CGI: Used strongly throughout the entire movie, because anything that had to do with the martians was created by CGI. It was used to give a feel of abstract science fiction and not just a battle for superior intelligence. Plot: Told from a variety of different viewpoints and the advantages and drawbacks that went along with them. Everything comes together in the end to make it a bittersweet happy ending for all of those still left alive.

Poetry Essay Compare Contrast Williams vs. Frost

Jesus Peralta English 102 - Honors Professor M. Essay #1 Poetry Compare Contrast Due: February 20, 2011 Life Must Go On William Carlos Williams and Robert Frost are known as two of the greatest poets of their time and still highly regarded as two of the best poets of all time. Robert Frost was born in 1874 in San Francisco, California according to The Associated Press. William Carlos Williams was born in 1883 in Rutherford, New Jersey, according to the poetryfoundation.org. Both men died just two months apart in 1963. Williams is the author of the poem â€Å"Spring and All† and Frost is the author of â€Å"Dust of Snow†. These two poems†¦show more content†¦Then, Williams finds a way to change the depressing mood of his poem by using specific words to convey feelings of hope. He does this in his fourth stanza with the lines: â€Å"Lifeless in appearance, sluggish/dazed spring approaches† (L14-15). Williams is saying that the plants, the trees, and the vines only appear to be dead, but they are not. Once again imagery is being used here. Also, what is going to save this otherwise seemingly desolate land is the approaching spring; â€Å"sluggish† and â€Å"dazed† as it may be, it is imminent – life is forthcoming. Williams also proffers up more hope with the lines: â€Å"One by one objects are defined/rooted, they/grip down and begin to awaken† (L22,26-27). Here, Williams uses the words â€Å"defined†, â€Å"rooted†, and â€Å"awaken† to let the reader know that life is no longer just a hope; it is real and it is here. â€Å"Dust of Snow† is similar to â€Å"Spring and All† in the way it too begins and ends with the same tones of â€Å"Spring and All†. In â€Å"Dust of Snow†, Frost imparts a sense of death and hopelessness immediately, especially because of the shortness of his poem. Frost begins with: â€Å"The way a crow/Shook down on me/The dust of sn ow/From a hemlock tree† (L1-4). Here, we find Frost pointing towards death with his use of diction. The â€Å"crow† has been known to symbolize death, with all its blackness and eerie sense of being. Then, there is the Hemlock tree. Frost specifically uses the word â€Å"Hemlock†Show MoreRelatedRomanticism versus Neoclassicism2775 Words   |  12 Pagesthe liberation and egalitarian ideals of the French Revolution, the romantic movement had in common only a revolt against the rules of classicism. There are obviously a lot of distinctions between these two movements and here I am going to compare and contrast these two movements in English literature by considering the principles and writers and works of writers which exhibit these differences in both periods. Neoclassicism was an artistic and intellectual movement, beginning in the mid-17th centuryRead MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 PagesAdvertising text in sociolinguistic coverage. Often the creators of advertisings apply to the use of idioms, quotations, images of famous personalities, such as:  « For I ne`er saw true beauty Till this night ». William Sharespeare, Romeo and Juliet, Act I, Scene 5. Laura Ashley Shopping online will be available from the 1-st November: www. Appeal to the literary, cultural and historical traditions is a very  «powerful weapon(instrument) »Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesUniversity, Sacramento xxx Richard Blackburn, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill Weldon Blake, Bethune-Cookman College Carl Blencke, University of Central Florida Michael Bochenek, Elmhurst College Alicia Boisnier, State University of New York William H. Bommer, Cleveland State University Bryan Bonner, University of Utah Jessica Bradley, Clemson University Dr. Jerry Bream, Empire State College/ Niagara Frontier Center Jim Breaugh, University of Missouri Peggy Brewer, Eastern Kentucky UniversityRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................. 299 CHAPTER 10 Deductive Reasoning .......................................................................................... 312 x Implying with Certainty vs. with Probability ................................................................................ 312 Distinguishing Deduction from Induction ..................................................................................... 319 Review of Major